Exile, Labyrinth, Confessional

Circe turned men into animal hybrids, cursed Scylla into a six-headed horror, and revealed what happens when power meddles with nature’s thresholds. Her lessons echo in today’s laboratories.

In 2022, scientists confirmed that hybrid species were crafted 4,500 years ago. If kings could command war-beasts from living DNA, why would they stop at animals?

For decades, archaeologists puzzled over equid remains at Umm el-Marra in northern Syria. In 2022, science confirmed that the “chariot horses” buried with royalty and celebrated in Sumerian battle art were Kungas, bred for prestige, power, and war. Nature would never have paired the domestic donkey and Syrian wild ass, but somebody did.

Paleo geneticist Eva-Maria Geigl named them “the first bioengineered animal.” Her co-author E. Andrew Bennett called them “war machines.”

Reserved for kings, generals, and gods, Kungas cost six times more than donkeys in a 500-year program of deliberate cross-species creation.

From Circe’s island to CRISPR’s laboratories, the ancient world’s hybrid experiments remind us that the gods never stopped tinkering.

I love how the UK artist Paul Reid conveys the visceral drama and eerie loneliness of these hybrid creatures in his mythology series.

See more of Paul Reid’s Mythology Series here

Circe Delivered the Minotaur

In Women Who Swim with Whales, Circe, an island enchantress, niece of the sun god, and fluent in flora and fauna, helped give birth to the Minotaur that defined the age of Minos. Pasiphaë, her sister, craved a sacred white bull. Daedalus, her lover, enabled both the deceptive conception and labyrinthine containment of Asterion, who had a human body and a bull’s head.

Not only was Circe summoned to manage the consequences of what the gods created on a whim, but she turned Scylla, the sea nymph, into a monster out of jealousy and Odysseus’s men into swine. Why? To save time.

“Punished for another’s desires, Scylla’s shrieks echoed across the cliffs all the way to eternity. I knew I had gone too far and fell to my knees. But what I’d done, I couldn’t undo. Magic doesn’t work that way. Their evil was in me, too.”

Circe in Women Who Swim with Whales

Scylla begged for death rather than her monstrous form, but the gods noted her presence was useful for humbling (and harvesting) sailors.

Some argue that turning the liminal witch into a sympathetic self-determined protagonist, as Madeline Miller did in her eponymous novel, defuses her threat, but I loved it. Can totally recommend the audio version read by Perdita Weeks.

Christopher Nolan’s upcoming Odyssey has sparked casting wars: should the Hollywood Circe be eerie and untamed, glamorous and goddess‑like, or something stranger?

In 2026, she’s a proxy for whose version of Homeric history gets told. Woke myth revision or overdue recognition?

Circe should make you uneasy. Every sorceress you see on Disney owes her a royalty. She’s a bad bitch — some might say in the best way, others not so much. I hope I made her more relatable in Women Who Swim with Whales, the second book in my Temple of Tides series, after Medusa’s Musings.

Get Medusa’s Musings, the first book in the series , here

Medusa moderates an ancient Greek confessional in a sea cave with Medea, Ariadne, Demeter, Persephone, Helen, Clytemnestra, and Cassandra. Circe bridges Greek mythology and ancient goddess worship. Research connects her to Ishtar and transformation.

Daughter of Helios and Perse, Circe poisoned Scylla’s (gene) pool and turned her into a beast who crammed sailors by the handful into one of her six snapping maws.

The Modern Daedalus

In 2023, scientists at Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health successfully grew human kidneys inside pig embryos using CRISPR gene editing. The embryos were allowed to develop for 28 days before being collected. The researchers reported that the kidneys exhibited normal human function, as reported in a peer-reviewed study published in Cell Stem Cell.

Scientists have spliced spider genes into goat DNA to make them produce spider silk — one of the strongest materials known — in their milk. Human disease genes are routinely inserted into mouse and other embryos.

The UK Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority permits the creation of human-animal chimera embryos for research purposes under strict conditions, including the 14-day rule: no chimera embryo may be cultured beyond 14 days, the point at which the primitive streak — the earliest formation of the nervous system — begins to appear.

“Creating humanized tissues and organs in animals would enable scientists to test possible therapies in a system much closer to that of a human for much longer durations.” — Journal of Technological and Regulatory Review on Human-Animal Chimera Research, 2023

Daedalus, Circe’s lover, built the wooden cow and the labyrinth. He crafted wings that killed his son. He was the ancient world’s finest engineer, and every structure he created contained something monstrous that never asked to be born. Today’s Daedalus wears a lab coat and calls it translational medicine.

Poseidon was never punished for violating Medusa. Nor Daedalus for building the apparatus to enable monstrosities. Circe was exiled for creating Scylla, but mostly because she was an inconvenience to Zeus and her father, Helios.

Solitude on her island — Aeaea — became the gift that kept giving as Circe made it hers. She goes first in the confessional.

Medusa, who moderates the mythical group therapy in the Temple of Tides, is herself a hybrid: mortal among immortals, punished for a god’s violation, her severed head weaponized post-mortem to adorn Athena’s shield.

Her name means the ruling one and anagrams to ‘made us.’

Next time: Medea

References

1. Geigl, E-M., Bennett, E.A. et al. ‘The genetic identity of the earliest human-made hybrid animals, the kungas of Syro-Mesopotamia.’ Science Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 2, January 14, 2022. DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm0218

2. ‘DNA Shows Ancient Pack Animal Was a Donkey-Wild Ass Hybrid.’ Inside Science / American Institute of Physics, January 2022.

3. Yue Hu et al. ‘Generation of a humanized mesonephros in pigs from induced pluripotent stem cells via embryo complementation.’ Cell Stem Cell, Vol. 30, Issue 9, September 2023.

4. Cavaliere, G. ‘A 14-day limit for bioethics: the debate over human embryo research.’ BMC Medical Ethics, May 2017. DOI: 10.1186/s12910–017–0198–5

5. ‘A Technological and Regulatory Review on Human-Animal Chimera Research.’ PMC / National Institutes of Health, 2023. PMCID: PMC10467371