Arhaj itwawten x Arif, mayemmi? Mammec? Min dd iwwi manaya?

Aɛemmar n rbumbat C5 di Mritc, Tawellaft: Joaquín Rivera Chamorro

Amcubbec iggin Irrifyen ag Useppanyu iwwid aṭṭas n arbeḥ, amcubbec-a ggin-t ḥuma war dd asen triḥ tir̂elli d uzarug nsen. Amcubbec-a issentar di Dhar Ubaran ass n 1 zi 06 1921 u isiɣi deg Anwar ass n 22 zi 07 1921. Tanabat Tasppanyut d iḥewwasen Iruppaweyyen war aḍin zi txessat-a.

Deg unebdu n 1921 Aseppanyu ixs̥ar jar 25 000 d 28 000 n rɛeskar nnes. Sppanya tufa abrid iteḍfar deg umcubbec-a war tt issufuɣ ca, ad taweḍ ɣar awtas nnes, suya txarres̥ ad ssexdem arhaj ḥuma ad zzayes teqḍa x Irifeyyen.

Axarres̥ deg usexdem n arhaj-a iȓa yeğa qbeȓ i wemcubbec n Anwar, ajeğid Alfonso wis 13 ir̂a ɣar-s axarres̥-a ḥuma ad iwwet s arhaj, maca min daysen imsaren deg wanwar ijjiten ad wten Irifeyyen s arhaj, aṭṭas n jiniralat ad bedr̂en array nssen, ufin d wa d abrid ḥima ad arren r̂ɛezz i Sppanya, u ad qḍan x Irifeyyen.

Jiniral Aseppanyu Damaso Berenguer iȓa iṭayyan di Arif yura tabrat i lwazir n garra Vizconde de Ez ass n 12 zi 08 1922, inna: “Nec ira ğiɣ ȓebda kuntra i wsexdem n arhaj x Irifeyyen, maca umi ɣa twariɣ min xedmen d min ggin, d rɣedran idayssen, suya itxessa ad t nessexdem u s refraḥet”. Zi ssanita ad tebda tarezzut x arhaj deg Uliman.

Rɛahed n Versay itwaggen deg usegawas n 1919 iqqar di tenqit 169 ar 172, ad itwamneɛ twaggit, usufeɣ, asebbeb d usexdem n arhaj, manaya yudef days ra d Aliman d marra timura i x as ifirman u zzaysent ra d Sppanya.

Waxxa amenni twaggen aṭṭas imṣawaḍen di tnufra jar Sppanya d yenni isegguren ȓɛeskar uliman, di 20 zi 08 1921 kesen ad ggen ijj n fabrika iteggen arhaj di Madrid. Ḥuma wa tnefḍiḥen ɣar tmesmunin itbeddan x tesɣart utaras u ad ssigwjen tamesȓayt-a x Uliman, wcin as i lmuhandis Alimani Hugo Stoltzenberg ttesriḥ d Aseppanyu.

Asgwass awarni ufirmar, fabrika nni di Madrid tebda tegg arhaj. Deg wass n 25 zi 06 1923 ajeğid n Sppanya Alfonso wis 13 iɛaḍ dd lmuhandis Stoltzenberg. Ass n 26 zi 06 1923 qeǧben rbumbat timezwura ɣar dixer i fabrika. Awarn as ad bdan ccaten Arif s arhaj nni umi qqaren Alxardal (Mustard gas).

Arhaj n Al-Xardal wttin zzayes twarat tamezwarut deg umcubbec iyemsaren di Tizi Ɛezza ass n 15 zi 07 1923 u danita sxedmen remdafeɛ (Artillery), s manaya iyabeḥ Useppanyu amcubbec-a. Awarnas, deg wass n 26 d 28 zi 07 1923 ḍerqen dd twarat tamezwarut i ȓebraqi ɛemmaren s arhaj s teyyarat zeg ujenna. Dcar n Umezzawru i dd yusin di Temsman iwtin d amezwaru di Arif. Di dcar-a ira tmunen ȓɛeskar d igrawleyyen Iriffyen, ssanita ira dd tefeɣen leblanat Irifeyyen n umcubbec ag uḥewwas, danita nessawar x Dhar Ubarran, Iɣriben d Wanwar.

Asuggi s arhaj x Arif isiɣi ar asgʷas n 1927. Tamurt n Arif adrent amen tekmer. Manaya ntafit di tebrat n umɣar n tagduda n Arif Muhamed n Abdel Karim i yura di Ajdir asgʷs n 1925 sadu yisem: “Tabrat i wayduden n yiḍa”. Yura dayes: “Twarat nneɣni neqqar awem atacam s wur nwem d iwdan, ad sbeddem ɣezzuya, ḥuma iwdan ad hnan bȓa rfaz jar asen, s minzi itamnen, itxarasen. […].

Asppanyu tɣir as Europa twekrit ḥuma ad yeɛder Arif, maca Irifeyyen tseqsan ma aɛdar itiȓi s waddar n tudrin d usexdem n arhaj”.

Aḥewwas Aseppanyu igga tizemmar mɣarent ḥuma war itessen ḥed belli yewta Arif s arhaj. Manaya itban di ȓemɛani nni ira itari x ȓbumbat n arhaj, iȓa itari x asent ca n isekkilen (ȓeḥruf) waha, amacnaw ȓbumba C, ȓbumba X. Uȓa di tebratin nsen jarsen iȓa war tarin ca arhaj, ira ssawaren x ȓbumbat waha. Ar uyur n 06 1923 i dd tessufeɣ lqecla tamqrant di Tiṭṭawin ij n llista fsaren dayes ȓemɛani n lkudat (the codes) nni ira ssexdamen di ȓbumbat nni idi yeǧa arhaj. Manaya ggin t ɛemmada, d ij n tḥeraymect d usnuffar ḥuma war ten itedɛi ḥed.

Arḥaji nni izi tewta Sppanya ḥuma ateqḍa x Irifeyyen dayes 9 n markat:

Fabrikat n arhaj n Useppanyu.

• Fabrika n Madrid tssefuɣ dd 1 000 kilu n ȓgaz kur ass.
• Fabrika n Mȓič ira tessefuɣ dd 710 kilu n arhaj kur ass (tessufeɣ dd 400 000 kilu jar 1924 d 1926).

Aseppanyu issexdem jar 1924 d 1927 110 000 kilu n arhaj d 10 000 n ȓebraqi (mkuȓ ijjen iwezzen jar 20 d 100 kilu). Mkur ȓbumba tadder 2500 m2.

Aseppanyu issexdem 533 n teyyarat zi marka n Fal Uliman ḥuma ad iqḍa x Irifeyyen. Teyyarat-a ndhentent Iseppunya, d Ilimaneyyen, Ifransisen d Imirikaneyyen. Amec i carcen jar 700 d 1700 Ilimaneyyen deg ussuggi s arhaj x Arif.

Arif jar 1922 d 1927 ira idja d ij n wazzay i yij n tyezzart d rmunkar mɣan. Timura icarcen deg usuggi s arhaj x Arif, ad iqqim manya iḍeffaritent rebda ar ɣa twaḥkment.

Yura-tt Abdellah Youala

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