設立正向目標:增加達成的可能性
選讀文章篇名:The Positive Reinforcement Approach to Resolutions(運用正增強策略實現新年新希望)
設立正向目標:增加達成的可能性
選讀文章篇名:The Positive Reinforcement Approach to Resolutions(運用正增強策略實現新年新希望)
原文出處:Psychology Today(https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-healthy-journey/202312/the-positive-reinforcement-approach-to-resolutions)
你是否也曾在年底胸懷大志設下許多新年新希望,舉凡減重、戒掉拖延症、減少負面情緒、降低電子產品使用頻率、改善任何個人壞習慣等宏願,但卻在新的一年初始之際就迅速投降?
該選文以行為心理學中的增強理論(Reinforcement Theory)作為論述基礎,意圖區分並解釋兩種目標設立(goal-setting)模式-削減型目標(loss goal)和增益型目標(gain goal)-如何影響人類的後續行為。
在設立2024年的新希望之前,不妨先學習削減型目標與增益型目標的差異,藉以修改自己目標設立的模式,進而增加新願景實現的機率!
內容選讀與翻譯
削減型目標 vs. 和增益型目標
If you want to improve your quality of life in 2024, there are two proven behavior strategies through which you can frame and motivate your goals. These strategies are negative reinforcement and positive reinforcement.
Negative reinforcement goals (loss goals) motivate us through the desire to subtract something unwanted. Ridding ourselves of debt, physical or mental health conditions, excess weight, and habits, such as smoking and procrastination, are common examples of loss goals.
Positive reinforcement goals (gain goals) refer to goals where we are motivated by adding something desirable. Improving fitness and function, better relationships and self-esteem, new experiences and memories, greater freedom, more love, and many others are goals motivated by a positive reinforcement approach.
如果希望在2024年提升自己的生活品質,可以採用兩種已被證實有用的行為策略來幫助你表達目標並激起你投入實行的動機。這些策略為負增強(negative reinforcement)和正增強(positive reinforcement)。
負增強目標(negative reinforcement goals)又稱為削減型目標(loss goals),該目標模式透過人們意圖擺脫己所不欲之物的渴望來激勵我們採取行動,例如:擺脫債務、某種身體或心理健康狀態、過重,以及任何壞習慣,包括抽菸和拖延。
正增強目標(positive reinforcement goals)又稱增益型目標(gain goals),以獲取渴求之物作為動機來源。常見的例子包括提升身體健康狀況和機能、建立更好的人際關係和自尊感、獲取嶄新經驗與回憶、更多的自由與愛等等。
選擇增強目標型態的重要性
The day is January 1, 2024. Two people purchase home exercise equipment to begin a regular workout habit for the new year. The first person is motivated to exercise by their desire to lose weight and feel less self-conscious (i.e., loss goals fueled by negative reinforcement).
The second person is motivated to exercise by their desire to have a more adventurous lifestyle and feel more confident (i.e., gain goals inspired by positive reinforcement).
Although the goals and methods of these two people may seem similar on the surface, their underlying psychologies are different, with potentially profound consequences.
在2024年1月1日那天,有兩個人都購買了居家健身器材,以規律的健身習慣為目標開啟新的一年。第一個人想要透過減重降低自己的局促不安感,因而開始運動(也就是負增強意圖導致的削減型目標)。
第二個人則是為了擁有一個更冒險大膽的生活方式來增加自信而開始運動(也就是正增強意圖激發的增益型目標)。
雖然這兩個仁設立的目標和實行方式表面上有所雷同,但他們表面下潛藏的心理途徑卻大相逕庭,這樣的不同則會對其行為結果產生深遠的影響。
For example, when the first person exercises, they probably think about parts of themselves and their lives that they strongly dislike. Behaviorally, they probably weigh themselves after every workout and scrutinize their body in the mirror for the features they want to eliminate. Importantly, each time they exercise, they unintentionally pair their negative thoughts and emotions about their body and weight with exercising.
例如:當第一個人運動時,可能會聯想到自己不喜歡的模樣或是生活樣態。這樣的思維會影響他們的行為,讓他們在每次健身完後,都會仔細端詳鏡子中自己想要改變的身體部位。重要的是,每次他們運動就會無意圖地將他們關於自我身形的負面想法和情緒與運動這件事情連結。
Over time, through the process of conditioning, this person (like millions of Americans) may come to “hate” exercise because of its repeated pairing with negative internal and external feelings and experiences. For them, exercise has now become a trigger for feelings such as guilt, shame, and embarrassment instead of being a healthy and empowering behavior. Tragically, this conditioning pattern often begins as early as childhood.
隨著時間流逝,因為第一個人不停將內在思緒與外在經驗和感受連結,藉由這樣制約(conditioning)的過程,他(就像數百萬的美國人)可能就會漸漸「討厭」運動。對這些人而言,運動現在不是一個健康且增加自信的行為,反而變成負面感受的觸發點,包括罪惡感、羞恥感與尷尬等。更悲慘的是,像這樣制約的模式通常都是從童年開始發生。
履行正增強策略(增益型目標)-馬斯洛理論
Psychologists such as Abraham Maslow theorized that human beings are inherently growth-oriented organisms. He believed we are born with an instinctive sense of our possibilities and a lifelong motivation to fulfill our potential.
Maslow also argued that human unhappiness, stress, and mental illness often arose not from problems but from suppression of our native drive to grow towards self-actualized versions of ourselves.
心理學家們(代表人物為Abraham Maslow亞伯拉罕·馬斯洛)以理論說明人類是與生俱來力圖增長的生物。馬斯洛相信我們天生就有對於自身可能性感知能力和終生動機來成就我們的潛能。
馬斯洛也論證了問題本身並非導致人類不幸、壓力和心理疾病的主因,這些反而是因為人類想要成長並自我實現的內在趨力受到壓迫而產生。
The positive reinforcement approach to goal setting described here represents a practical method for channeling our internal instincts for growth into tangible quality-of-life changes. For instance:
Stop losing weight. Start gaining life and vitality.
Stop focusing on problems and start focusing on solutions.
Instead of the negatives you’re trying to eliminate, focus on the positive experiences, feelings, and outcomes you’re vested in obtaining.
Not only will this positive reinforcement approach to your goals increase your chances of success, but it can emotionally transform your journey.
這裡介紹的正增強目標制定策略是一種實際的方式,讓人們得以引導我們想要成長的內在本能,達到真實的生活品質進化。具體例子為:
- 停止減重,而是開始獲得生活感與生命力。
- 停止關注問題,而是開始注重解決方法。
- 試著專注於你當下既得的正向經驗、感受、結果,而非你嘗試想要消除的負面目標。
這個正增強目標制定策略不單單會增加你成功的機會,也可以藉由情緒改變來轉化你的旅程。
增強理論建立於操作制約(operant conditioning)理論,主張人類的行為結果是直接影響行為動機的主因,著名的心理學家代表為史金納(B. F. Skinner)。該學派透過刺激-反應(stimulus-response)的實驗設計,讓動物藉由獲取獎賞或懲罰的機制來學習行為模式,此發現也因而擴展到人類學習,共有四種模式:
- 正增強(positive reinforcement):執行特定行為後,滿足此人的需求。例如:寫完功課就可以打電動。
- 負增強(negative reinforcement):執行特定行為後,消除此人不想要的結果。例如:寫完功課就不用掃地。
- 懲罰(positive punishment):執行特定行為後,給予此人不想要的結果。例如:不寫功課就要掃地。
- 撤銷(negative punishment):執行特定行為後,消除此人想被滿足的需求。例如:不寫功課就不能打電動。
這個概念運用回新年新希望的設定,最有關連性的便是該選文提出的正增強與負增強。負增強模式設立的削減型目標容易讓人連結負面情緒,進而降低執行意願;正增強模式設立的增益型目標則會讓人充滿正向原動力,激勵自我不斷行動藉以達成目的!
因此,在設立2024年新目標時,不妨修改自己表達敘述的方式,藉以潛意識地影響自我的心情與態度,增加成功實踐的可能性!
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