What is Vestibular Migraine? Diagnostic Criteria, Clinical Findings, and Treatment Approaches

Vestibular migraine is a clinical condition defined by the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) and the Bárány Society, characterized by episodic vestibular symptoms in individuals with a history of migraine that cannot be explained by another vestibular disease. Vestibular migraine is considered a clinical manifestation of the pathophysiological overlap between migraine and the vestibular system.

Epidemiology and Demographic Characteristics of Vestibular Migraine The prevalence of migraine in the general population is approximately 16%, while the prevalence of vertigo is 7%. The risk of these two conditions occurring coincidentally is around 1%, while studies show that the comorbidity of migraine and vertigo is 3%. The incidence of vertigo and dizziness in individuals with migraine is reported to be between 30–50%.

Studies conducted in Turkey have also shown that the frequency of vertigo in migraine patients is significantly higher compared to healthy individuals and those with tension-type headaches. Vestibular migraine is one of the most frequent causes of recurrent spontaneous vertigo and is the second most common vestibular disorder after benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV). The reported prevalence ranges from 4.3% to 29.3%.

The disease is more common in women, and the risk in women is 1.5–5 times higher than in men. In some cases, vestibular symptoms may become more pronounced during menopause. Family history is important for both migraine and vestibular migraine.

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