Cosmic rays

The background radiation, which is created by cosmic rays, accounts for slightly less than half of the external radiation. Cosmic rays reach us mainly from the depths of the galaxy, but some of them are produced on the Sun.

Cosmic rays reach the Earth’s surface and interact with the atmosphere, resulting in the formation of secondary radiation and various radionuclides (10,13,44,148).

The North and South Poles receive more radiation than the equatorial regions, due to the Earth’s magnetic field, which causes charged particles to deflect. Radiation levels also increase with altitude.

People living at sea level receive an average of 300 microsieverts per year, while people living at 2,000 m above sea level, slightly above 4,000 m (the maximum altitude at which people live — villages on Everest) receive a 25-fold increase in radiation levels.

More intense, but short-term radiation is experienced by the aircraft crew and passengers. When flying in a turbojet aircraft, passengers receive a dose of 50 μSv, and when flying in a high-speed aircraft — 20% less, despite the fact that they experience more intense radiation.

This is explained by the fact that in the second case the flight time is much shorter. In total, humanity receives a collective effective equivalent dose of 2000 man-sieverts per year using air transport (82,124,141).

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